Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementias

A Review with Particular Reference to Pin1 Protein

 

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Compiled by: Julian Thorpe

 

Amyloid Protein Precursor / beta-Amyloid / Plaques

Extracellular neuritic plaques, which contain dystrophic neurites and aggregates of beta-amyloid protein , are - along with intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) - one of the two histopathological hallmark lesions of AD-affected brain tissue. Beta-amyloid protein is derived from the amyloid protein precursor (APP) , a cell surface protein of neurons which is usually rapidly endocytosed and degraded in lysosomes.
Amyloid Protein Precursor (APP)
APP Proteolysis
Intraneuronal Effects
Plaque Formation
Inter-Relationship of Plaques and Tangles
Pin1 protein provides a link between plaques and tangles
Beta-Amyloid and ApoE
Beta-Amyloid and the Cytoskeleton
Beta-Amyloid and Kinases
Beta-Amyloid and Oxidative Stress
Beta-Amyloid and Presenilins
Immunization with Beta-Amyloid
Animal Models
Electron Microscopy
References

N.B. Beta-amyloid   is covered in great detail in David Small's Alzheimer Web Page , where you can also subscribe to the amyloid mailing list and get a chance to read/exchange views with your fellow researchers. There is also a positive wealth of information at the Alzheimer Research Forum site, including some very entertaining and informative on-line discussions about key aspects of the disease.
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Some Related References 

N.B. Free Medical Journals online now at : http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/
(These journals include: Neurology, Neurobiology of Disease, Journal of Neurochemistry, Alzheimer's Disease Review)

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Chen, FS, Yang, DS, Petanceska, S, Yang, A, Tandon, A, Yu, G, Rozmahel, R, Ghiso, J, Nishimura, M, Zhang, DM, Kawara, T, Levesque, G, Mills, J, Levesque, L, Song, YQ,  Rogaeva, E, Westaway, D, Mount, H, Gandy, S, St George-Hyslop, P and Fraser, PE (2000) Carboxyl-terminal fragments of Alzheimer beta-amyloid precursor protein accumulate in restricted and unpredicted intracellular compartments in presenilin 1-deficient cells. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 275: 36794-36802

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Chung, HM, Struhl, G (2001) Nicastrin is required for Presenilin-mediated transmembrane cleavage in Drosophila. NATURE CELL BIOLOGY 3: 1129-1132

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Creemers, JWM, Dominguez, DI, Plets, E, Serneels, L, Taylor, NA, Multhaup, G, Craessaerts, K, Annaert, W and De Strooper, D (2001) Processing of beta-secretase by furin and other members of the proprotein convertase family. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 276: 4211-4217

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Culmsee, C, Zhu, XX, Yu, QS, Chan, SL, Camandola, S, Guo, ZH, Greig, NH and Mattson, MP (2001) A synthetic inhibitor of p53 protects neurons against death induced by ischemic and excitotoxic insults, and amyloid beta-peptide. JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 77: 220-228

Cupers, P, Orlans, I, Craessaerts, K, Annaert, W and De Strooper, B (2001) The amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cytoplasmic fragment generated by gamma-secretase is rapidly degraded but distributes partially in a nuclear fraction of neurones in culture. JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 78: 1168-1178

D'Andrea, MR, Nagele, RG, Gumula, NA, Reiser, PA, Polkovitch, DA, Hertzog, BM, Andrade-Gordon, P (2002) Lipofuscin and A beta 42 exhibit distinct distribution patterns in normal and Alzheimer's disease brains. NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS 323: 45-49

D'Andrea, MR, Nagele, RG, Wang, HY, Peterson, PA and Lee, DHS (2001) Evidence that neurones accumulating amyloid can undergo lysis to form amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. HISTOPATHOLOGY 38:120-134

D'Andrea, MR, Nagele, RG, Wang, HY, Lee, DHS (2002) Consistent immunohistochemical detection of intracellular beta-amyloid42 in pyramidal neurons of Alzheimer's disease entorhinal cortex . NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS 333: 163-166

Das, P, Howard, V, Loosbrock, N, Dickson, D, Murphy, MP, Golde, TE (2003) Amyloid-beta immunization effectively reduces amyloid deposition in FcR gamma(-/-) knock-out mice. JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 23: 8532-8538

Das, P, Murphy, MP, Younkin, LH, Younkin, SG, Golde, TE (2001) Reduced effectiveness of A beta 1-42 immunization in APP transgenic mice with significant amyloid deposition. NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING 22: 721-727

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Davies, P, DeBernardis, J, Espinoza, M, Stahl, M and Vianna, C (2000) APP and tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. BRAIN PATHOLOGY 10: 493

DAVIS_DR, BRION_JP, COUCK_AM, GALLO_JM, HANGER_DP, LADHANI_K, LEWIS_C, MILLER_CCJ, RUPNIAK_T, SMITH_C, ANDERTON_BH. (1995) THE PHOSPHORYLATION STATE OF THE MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN TAU AS AFFECTED BY GLUTAMATE, COLCHICINE AND BETA-AMYLOID IN PRIMARY RAT CORTICAL NEURONAL CULTURES. BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, 1995, Vol.309, No.Pt3, pp.941-949

Deb, S, Zhang, JW, Gottschall, PE (2003) beta-amyloid induces the production of active, matrix-degrading proteases in cultured rat astrocytes. BRAIN RESEARCH 970: 205-213

De Ceballos, ML, Brera, B and Fernandez-Tome, MP (2001) beta-Amyloid-induced cytotoxicity, peroxide generation and blockade of glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE 39: 317-318

De Ferrari, GV, Chacon, MA, Barria, MI, Garrido, JL, Godoy, JA, Olivares, G, Reyes, AE, Alvarez, A, Bronfman, M, Inestrosa, NC (2003) Activation of Wnt signaling and behavioral impairments rescues neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid fibrils. MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY 8: 195-208

De Jonghe, C, Esselens, C, Kumar-Singh, S, Craessaerts, K, Serneels, S, Checler, F, Annaert, W, Van Broeckhoven, C and De Strooper, B (2001) Pathogenic APP mutations near the gamma-secretase cleavage site differentially affect A beta secretion and APP C-terminal fragment stability. HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS 10: 1665-1671

Delacourte, A, Sergeant, N, Champain, D, Wattez, A, Maurage, CA, Lebert, F, Pasquier, F, David, JP (2002) Nonoverlapping but synergetic tau and APP pathologies in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. NEUROLOGY 59: 398-407

DeMattos, RB, Bales, KR, Cummins, DJ, Dodart, JC, Paul, SM and Holtzman, DM (2001) Peripheral anti-A beta antibody alters CNS and plasma A beta clearance and decreases brain A beta burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 98: 8850-8855

DeMattos, RB, Bales, KR, Cummins, DJ, Paul, SM, Holtzman, DM (2002) Brain to plasma amyloid-beta efflux: a measure of brain amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE 295: 2264-2267

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De Strooper, B, Annaert, W (2001) Presenilins and the intramembrane proteolysis of proteins: facts and fiction. NATURE CELL BIOLOGY 3: E221-E225

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